[China Glass Network] 1. Fire characteristics of glass curtain wall
First of all, if the glass curtain wall is not properly constructed or there is a problem with the fire protection design, it will easily spread in both the horizontal and vertical directions in the event of a fire. Generally speaking, the glass curtain wall consists of two parts: wall and window. Because ordinary glass is easy to break at high temperature, if there is no effective fire isolation measures in the horizontal and vertical directions, in case of fire, fire and smoke will follow the wall from the outside wall. And the inner table spread to the adjacent floor. Secondly, when the glass breaks down in the fire, it will affect the fire-extinguishing glass. Usually the curtain wall material is mainly glass, aluminum alloy frame or steel frame. When the temperature reaches 6000 degrees, the profile steel will melt; while the aluminum alloy will melt when the temperature reaches 2500 to 3300 degrees, so in the fire environment, the glass is easily broken and dropped. In addition, in the high temperature environment, the glass itself has the property of cracking, thereby increasing the difficulty of safe evacuation and fire extinguishing. Finally, smoke is not easily discharged, which hinders safe evacuation and fire fighting. Considering the stability and sealing of the wall structure, the glass curtain wall often has no open shoulder window. Even if the shoulder window is opened, in order to ensure the safety of the window frame, the window is basically small, and the window opening is overhanging, and the angle between the wall and the wall is up to 45 degrees, this not only reduces the vent area, but also the window is more open on the curtain wall, and there is no window ventilation under the wall, so that the external pressure is greater than the internal pressure, in case of fire, the smoke is difficult to discharge. In addition, the position of the wall window is too high, which is often difficult to reach, and cannot be opened in time in a critical situation, thus posing a serious safety hazard. According to the above reasons, the glass curtain wall does not have a good natural smoke exhaust function. In the event of a fire, smoke will inevitably accumulate in large quantities indoors, making it difficult to discharge in a timely and effective manner, thereby impeding safe evacuation and fire fighting.
2. Fire treatment of glass curtain wall materials
2.1, fire treatment of steel
Generally, the steel frame has a limit time of only 15 minutes at high temperature, and there is still a big gap between the requirements for the fireproof limit of the glass curtain wall. Therefore, the steel frame of the wall must be fireproofed. In general, there are two main methods for fire protection of steel frames.
(1) Coating of fireproof coatings
The main purpose is to apply the paint on the surface of the steel frame, which can be used for heat insulation and fire protection, to protect the steel frame from complete function and improve the high temperature resistance of the material. This paint is also called steel frame fireproof coating. Depending on the thickness of the coating, the coating can be divided into three types, namely thick layers, thin layers and ultra-thin layers. For example, thick coatings usually have a thickness of 8 mm to 50 mm. The surface of the coating is granular, sparse, and has poor thermal conductivity. The high temperature withstand time is between half an hour and three hours. Due to the thick thickness of the thick coating, the dry density is not High, can not withstand too much pressure on the building, and the thermal conductivity is not strong, can effectively insulate fire. This kind of coating is suitable for the wall surface of some buildings that are built, isolated and shielded after the completion of the construction project. The fireproof coating does not have high aesthetic requirements, but the high temperature must be allowed to withstand the limit time for more than one and a half hours, like super high-rise. All steel frames, etc.
(2) Encapsulation method fire treatment
This method mainly uses the heat-insulating fireproof material to encapsulate the steel frame to prevent the steel frame from being damaged by high temperature. Specifically, the encapsulation fire treatment method mainly includes the following measures: (1) Steel frame enclosing treatment: the fire protection ceiling and the isolation wall are used to surround the protection steel frame to prevent the steel frame from contacting the high temperature; (2) the fireproof material encapsulating steel Frame surface: It can be made of fireproof material, such as gypsum board, calcium silicate board and slate board. In general, the 25 mm slate can increase the steel frame high temperature endurance limit to 90 minutes; (3) spray the inorganic heat insulation fire retardant coating on the steel frame surface: the main coatings include whetstone powder, gypsum, fiberglass, mineral wool Fiber, cement mortar, perlite powder, etc. For example, the surface of the steel frame is coated with a 50-type metal mesh mortar for protection. The coating thickness is 25 mm, and the steel frame can withstand a maximum temperature of 48 minutes. If the coating thickness is 50 mm, the steel frame can withstand a maximum temperature of 81 minutes.
2.2, fire treatment of glass
Generally, when glass hits high temperature, it will rupture, and the fireproof ability is extremely poor. There is a big gap between the requirements of fireproof isolation of the glass curtain wall. Therefore, the general material glass must be fire-treated to improve the high temperature resistance of the glass. Generally, fireproof glass mainly includes the following types:
(1) Wired fireproof glass
This type of glass is mainly used to add a wire mesh composite material to an organic glue layer between two layers of glass or an inorganic adhesive layer. Thanks to the addition of a wire mesh to the glass, the overall strength and pressure resistance are greatly enhanced, and fire alarms and heat sensors can be attached to the glass to prevent fire. The material of the wire fireproof glass is mainly inorganic glass. The organic glue layer is polyvinyl chloride glue or polyvinyl butyral glue. The inorganic adhesive components are mainly water and metal salts, including phosphate, aluminate and silicate. A stainless steel material is used as the wire. One disadvantage of this type of glass is that it is not light transmissive.
(2) Composite fireproof glass
Because of the poor light transmission of the wire fireproof glass, if the glass uses special materials, it will greatly increase the cost, and the expensive price is difficult to be accepted. Nowadays, the transparent laminated composite fireproof glass is more common on the market. This glass is usually composed of at least two layers of a general glass laminate which is bonded with a transparent fireproof adhesive and which is thermally expanded. Regarding composite fireproof glass, people mainly pay attention to the transparent fireproof adhesive for bonding glass. This is because the quality level of fireproof adhesive directly determines the performance of fireproof glass.
3. Conclusion
Since the fire of the glass curtain wall is easy to spread in the vertical and horizontal directions, affecting personnel evacuation and fire fighting, the fire treatment of the glass curtain wall is particularly important. Firstly, the fireproof coating and encapsulation method are applied to fire-proof the steel structure of the glass curtain wall, and then high-performance fireproof glass such as wire-fired glass and laminated composite fireproof glass is selected. Of course, details such as the qualification of the construction unit and the installation of fireproof materials in the specific construction process should also be fully considered.
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