In ancient times, Hetian jade was called "Jade of Kunlun", "Jade of Saishan", "Jade of Jade", "Jade of Zhongshan", "Jade of Jade", "Kunyu", "Zhengyu" and so on.
After the Opium War, the French mineralist De Muer, who used the stolen goods looted by Yuanmingyuan as the specimen, tested and determined Hetian jade and jadeite. According to the subtle difference in hardness between the two jade, he was shamelessly named in 1863. "Nephrite" and jadeite are "Jadeite", which has made Hetian jade a black pot of "soft jade".
Officially named but 130 years
Hetian jade has developed and utilized the "Silk Road" of Chinese and Western culture for more than 7,000 years. Its predecessor was the "Jade Road" that transported Hetian jade, which is more than 4,400 years earlier than the "Silk Road".
When Qin Shihuang unified China, Hetian jade was called "the jade of Kunshan" because it was produced in Kunlun Mountain. Later, it was called "Yuta Yu" because it was located in Yutian. It was not until the establishment of Hetian Zhilizhou in the 9th year of Qing Guangxu (AD 1883) that it was officially named "Hetian jade".
The earliest Hetian jade artifact
It is recognized by the academic community as jade articles from the women's tombs excavated at the Yinxu site in Anyang, Henan (the late Shang Dynasty from about the 13th century to the beginning of the 12th century), and in fact appeared in the Xinglongyu Cultural Site of Aohan Banner in Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia. Dozens of jade articles at the Chahai Cultural Site in Fuxin City, Liaoning Province, are mostly Hetian jade, dating from 7000-8000 years ago.
Hetian jade generation
From the beginning of Xia, Shang and Zhou, until the end of the Qing Dynasty, in the history of more than 4,000 years of writing, Hetian jade produced a total of 9,968 tons, with an average annual output of 2.5 tons. Among them, during the 1900s of Xia, Shang, Zhou, Chunqiu and Warring States, a total of 3,800 tons of Hetian jade were collected, with an average annual output of 2 tons;
In the 810 years of the Qin, Han, Wei, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, a total of 1,215 tons of Hetian jade was collected, with an average annual output of 1.5 tons. During the 699 years of the Tang, Tang and Song Dynasties, a total of 1,957 tons of Hetian jade were collected, with an average annual output of 2.8. In the 438 years of the Yuan and Ming dynasties, a total of 1496 tons of Hetian jade was collected, with an average annual output of 3.4 tons. In the 295 years of the Qing Dynasty, a total of 1,500 tons of Hetian jade was collected, with an average annual output of 5 tons; after the founding of New China, from 1957 By 1995, a total of 9459 tons of Hetian jade were collected, which is close to the total of all the mining quantities in the past 4,000 years.
Twirl stone jade around the world
There are more than 120 tremolite deposits in the world, distributed in more than 20 countries and regions (such as Russia, the United States, Brazil, Canada, Australia, Poland, New Zealand, South Korea, North Korea, Taiwan, etc., of which Canada's production is the world's number Two), but these deposits belong to serpentinite type tremolite jade (mainly jasper, Russia, South Korea, North Korea produce white jade), but only Hetian jade in Xinjiang belongs to non-serpentine rock due to extremely special geological formation. The type of tremolite stone jade is one of the important reasons why Hetian jade is highly sought after.
Hetian jade's toughness actually exceeds steel
Hetian jade is extremely tough, and its compressive strength can exceed steel, which is a fact that people can hardly imagine. According to scientific tests, the compressive strength of medium carbon steel (mainly used for making heavy machinery shafts, gears, machine tool spindles, bench tools, etc.) is 1600 kg/cm 2 , and Hetian jade has a compressive strength of up to 6541 kg / Square centimeter, which is related to the felt structure of Hetian jade.
Mining after liberation
After the founding of New China, the Xinjiang Hetian jade production area established a public-private joint jade purchase station. After the 1960s, it was changed to state-run and began to use explosives mining. The annual output is 30 to 40 tons, but the quality is poor, and the utilization rate is less than half. According to the information of the Central People's Broadcasting Station's "Family Areas" program, the output of Hetian jade in 1981 was 74 tons, an increase of 1.28 times over 1980. Since the 1990s, an average of 120 to 150 tons per year has been mined.
In the era of unified purchase and marketing, Hetian jade is closely related to the grade and weight. For example, Hetian jade seed material is the best product, the weight of the block should be more than 6 kg, the first grade is more than 3 kg, the second grade is more than 1 kg; the Hetian Yushan material is more than 10 kg, and the first grade is 5 kg. the above.
In 1999, the National Ministry of Geology and Minerals and the China Gemstone Association jointly launched the National Stone Awards. The results were selected in the past four years. Hetian Yu was named "China National Stone" by the China Gemstone Association.
Hong Kong and Taiwan jade merchants are early bankers
The prosperity of Hetian jade is attributed to the jade merchants in Hong Kong and Taiwan. In the early 1980s, the price of Hetian jade and Kunlun jade and Russian jade was almost the same. It was the value of Hetian jade discovered by Hong Kong and Taiwanese jade merchants. Since the late 1980s, the acquisition of Hetian jade seeds has made it the most expensive on the market. The jade material, even the current polishing process of Hetian Baiyu, was proposed by Taiwanese jade merchants.
Hetian jade resources will soon face depletion
Up to now, the global total gold reserves are 115,700 tons, and the gold that has been mined in 6,000 years has reached 171,300 tons. At this rate, gold can be used for more than 700 years; the total global silver reserves are 510,000 tons, and the next 18-23 years Silver will be mined, and by 2020, silver will be short of supply and demand; China’s Hetian jade reserves are 280,000 tons, and theoretically it can be mined for about 160 years, but because Hetian jade cannot be purified and recycled like gold and silver, and For one-time processing, it is impossible to regenerate, and resources will be exhausted in the next few decades.
The king adds a little for jade, and the king can have jade; white jade is emperor, only the emperor can have white jade; "Jade" and "home" are combined as treasures, and jade is the treasure in the family, and gold and silver are not treasures. The word "country" in China is a jade word in the mouth. "Jade" was a symbol of the country in ancient times.
Ancient Chinese characters make nearly 500 words from jade. The words on the side of the word are the jade word. When the word is used, the word is saved a bit, and the word on the side of the word is more related to jade. Such as 玎, Ling said the sound of jade impact, ç indicates two pieces of jade, refers to the texture of jade, refers to the stain on the white jade, refers to the stone like jade and so on. There are countless words in the jade group.
From the wording and grouping of jade, it is enough to see the important position of jade in China's more than 7,000 years of history and culture. It is not difficult to imagine why the Chinese nation loves jade deep, sincerity, fascination and ignorance.
For more than a decade, he has been fascinated by jade and mad for jade. In his spare time, he almost spent all his time on jade, jade, jade and jade. Along the way, there are many feelings. Some experience may be instructive for beginners. I started from playing flower pictures, and now I am playing with medieval pieces. Experience the good Ming and Qing jade, to live a good "four customs."
The first is to know the jade.
Hetian jade, Qinghai jade, Russian jade, Afghan jade, Korean material, yellow mouth material, etc., which are seen in the market, are dazzling. Thousands of agates of all kinds of jade, want to distinguish it clearly, experts are also difficult. I thought, after all, it is not a mineralogist. There is no need to understand everything. It is enough to control the material, the material, and the material. It’s not the same as Tian Tian, ​​all of them give up (the middle and high ancient jade are different), why bother to pay the god! If you want to understand the Hetian material, you don’t want to look at it. First, look for a few pieces of flowers and materials. Look at it and spend more time. For its structure, hardness, moisture, density, grease, and concentration. Naturally feels! You can recognize Hetian jade, you don't have to be afraid, that is, you can buy new goods, but the materials are right, you can also play. However, the same is Hetian jade, the texture can be very different, the price is also very different, and when you play it, it will slowly be graded.
The second is to distinguish between falsehoods.
For those who are new to the beginning, the most difficult thing is to distinguish between true and false. There are no shortcuts to go through this level, and there is no such thing as a "one move to the enemy." That is to say, the use of scientific instruments can not solve this problem at present. The only way is to rely on experience. You should learn more basic knowledge through the Internet, books, and masters, and look at some real objects, especially the collections. It is necessary to understand the different characteristics of different periods from materials, shapes, patterns, knives, scars, drawing, eye-catching, polishing, ochre, patina, charm, characteristics of the times, and traces of the years. It is also necessary to understand the constant updating and changes in the market's pseudo-states and pseudo-techniques. To determine the old and new of an object, we must make a comprehensive judgment from many aspects. With one or two indicators, you can't make a conclusion; if you don't have enough time, don't rely on your feelings to be lucky; if you have a little bit of peace, you should give up decisively; you can't easily listen to others telling stories and "packaging old" and "fidelity." "A commitment like that." Only by mastering the scientific method of judgment can we make eyesight and work hard.
The third is to discuss the price.
Since ancient times, gold has a priceless jade, and the antique market has no clear price. Therefore, the price of jade is also a prominent problem for players. When I first started, I often couldn't understand the market. I didn't have a bottom in my heart. I didn't dare to offer prices to others when I met something. I didn't dare to bargain with others. I was afraid of jokes, and I was afraid of being fooled. The connoisseurs are different. The moment they stood in front of the booth, they had already made up their minds. To pass this level, we must establish our own price system based on our own needs, conditions and market conditions. One should pay more attention to the auction market and the price of the cultural relics store, there is a reference standard; the second is to observe the market transactions and grasp the trading information of various utensils; the third is to buy more and more than, the more natural the more refined, the more natural The more clear.
The fourth is appreciation.
After learning the jade customs, discerning the customs, and talking about the price, it is not enough. As a player, Guan Jian has to appreciate this. Not all old jade can be bought, not even jade is worth collecting! Even Hetian jade is an old jade, but also depends on the subject matter, the age, the thickness, the craft level, the completeness, the cultural connotation and the artistic connotation. On the Yachang website, some of the collections were widely followed by the Yu friends, and some of the collections were flat, which fully illustrates this problem! A person's taste is different, his cultivation is different, his perspective is different, his eyes are different, and the choice of objects is very different. What really shows a collector's level is not how much jade he possesses, but his ability to appreciate. Therefore, the process of playing jade is a process of cultivation and a process of cultivation.
After four good passes, pay special attention to the right path and the right person. For playing jade, you must not close the door to play, you can't close the game, you can't just play according to the book.
Whether on the Internet or in real life, you should interact with a few friends who are higher than their own level, discuss and communicate together, so that their eyesight will improve faster. Make friends with each other, "follow good people to learn good people, follow the bad guys and ghosts."
If you follow the right person, you will take less detours, pay less tuition, and naturally progress faster. With the wrong person, then you are dead. I have seen an elder who has been collecting for decades and there are hundreds of jade articles! The pieces are all medicines, that is, the medicines are not awake. You said that he is wrong, he said that you do not understand. It is really sad!
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